Working in the field (as opposed to non-field job Hatanaka et al., 2010).Exposure to ethnic violence (Feinsten et al., 2015).Journalists embedded with troops do not appear to be at greater risk than unilateral journalists covering the war (Feinstein & Nicholson, 2005 Greenberg et al., 2007).Exposure to war (Dworznik, 2011 Feinstein et al., 2002 Simpson & Boggs, 1999).Covering the drug trade (Feinstein, 2013 Morales et al., 2012, 2014).Exposure to high intensity assignments/type of traumatic assignment (Backholm & Bjӧrkqvist, 2010 Dworznik, 2011 Feinstein et al., 2002 Pyevich et al., 2003 Smith et al, 2017).Exposure to a greater amount of user generated content (Feinstein et al., 2014).Exposure to a greater number of traumatic assignments/frequency of exposure (Marais & Stuart, 2005 McMahon, 2001 Newman et al., 2003 Pyevich et al., 2003).Personally experienced work-related stressors.RATES OF PTSD (ORDERED FROM HIGHEST TO LOWEST) Journalists’ post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rates range from 4 to 59% depending on the beats covered, and location of the journalists studied (detailed rates below): This fact sheet focuses on high sustained levels of distress that interfere with functioning. This is notnecessarily a problem, but simply a signal of the emotional challenges of news gathering, and a signal to practice self-care. More notably, journalists may experience a strong reaction or set of reactions to covering harrowing events such as war, disasters and other human suffering. This is evidenced by relatively low rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric disorders, despite high trauma exposure.Ī significant minority, however, are at risk for long-term psychological problems, including PTSD (Drevo, 2016 Feinstein & Owen, 2012 Morales et al., 2014). 31% of Swedish journalists report receiving threats over the course of a year (Löfgren Nilsson & Örnebring, 2016).ĭespite repeated exposure to work-related traumatic events, most journalists exhibit resilience.In one study of 977 female journalists, 21.9% reported experiencing physical violence in relation to their work, and 14.3% reported experiencing sexual violence in relation to their work (Barton & Storm, 2016).Some of these detainees faced physical torture, extreme isolation, and other mistreatment (Reporters Without Borders, 2018). In 2018, 348 journalists were detained worldwide.Journalists experience violence, intimidation (verbal or physical threats focused on a person’s work as a journalist) and harassment (aggressive verbal or physical actions directed at someone because of another personal characteristic).Journalists may also directly experience traumatic events:
These can be particularly disturbing, especially when the events involve children (Newman et al., 2003 Pyevich et al., 2003 Smith et al., 2017). Some journalists may witness events involving death, violence and human suffering.Work-related traumatic content may be experienced via frequent, repeated, and prolonged exposure to violent graphics and/or video footage, including user generated content (Feinstein et al., 2014 Weidmann & Papsdorf, 2010).Common events may include (Dworznik, 2011 Feinstein et al., 2014 Feinstein et al, 2002 Newman et al., 2003 Pyevich et al., 2003 Simpson & Boggs, 1998 Smith et al., 2017 Teegen & Gotwinkel, 2001):.Journalists may witness traumatic events: Studies suggest the average number of work related traumatic events ranges from 4 to 81, depending on the population being studied (Newman et al., 2003 Pyevich et al., 2003 Teegen et al., 2001 Weidmann et al., 2008).92% of journalists reported experiencing at least four traumatic situations (Weidman et al., 2008).Research suggests that between 80 and 100% of journalists have been exposed to a work-related traumatic event (e.g., Dworznik, 2011 Feinstein et al, 2002 Newman et al., 2003 Pyevich et al., 2003 Smith et al., 2017 Teegen & Gotwinkel, 2001).The majority of journalists witness traumatic events in their line of work: The factors that may place journalists at risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).The types of events journalists are exposed to.This fact sheet reviews existing research regarding:
This type of work can affect their health and well-being. Journalists frequently bear witness to human suffering, whether covering mass disasters or individual atrocities, and are sometimes the direct targets of violence. An overview of current research on the occupational hazards for journalists covering traumatic events, the risk factors that aggravate those effects, and some suggestions for mitigating those factors. Originally published by River Smith and Elana Newman in January, 2009 Updated by Susan Drevo in May, 2016, and by Autumn Slaughter in March, 2019.
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